The Race to Understanding and Manipulating DNA :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Mid 1953. Three labs, two in England and one in California, dashed to find the structure of deoxyribose nucleic corrosive. At Cal Tech in Pasadena, California, Linus Pauling had as of late found the alpha-helix. Presently he was directing his concentration toward DNA. At King's College in the University of London, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, in spite of the fact that hampered by their powerlessness to coexist with each other, had taken genuine pictures of DNA utilizing x-beams and were hot on the path. The most improbable pair in the race, a 24-year-old American scholar and a 36-year-early English physicist, were additionally near recognizing the tricky particle, in spite of the fact that they were taboo from straightforwardly taking a shot at it. Thus the race heightened for the mystery of life itself. Prepare, Get Set... Mendel and Pea Plants The occasions paving the way to this race really started with an Austrian priest named Johann Gregor Mendel. In spite of the fact that in actuality Mendel needed to be a secondary teacher, he bombed the compulsory assessment multiple times and chose to turn into a priest to seek after his examinations in the tranquility of a religious community (Asimov, Genes 11). Keen on the legacy of attributes, he started working with pea plants in 1857. He crossed genuine reproduced plants and afterward their posterity and recorded the outcomes. From these outcomes he built up general standards or laws for legacy. He labored for a long time and with more than ten thousand distinct plants (Arnold 20). Searching for a patron for his work, Mendel sent his paper to noted botanist Wilhelm von Nageli. Nageli sent it back after scarcely looking at it (Nageli passed on in 1891 and would be recalled, not for his own huge logical work, yet for his inability to focus on Mendel) (Asimov, Genes 19-20). Mendel at long last published his outcomes in the magazine of the National History Society of Brunn in 1866 (Arnold 7). Different botanists gave practically no consideration to his work, and his thoughts regarding legacy got lost for thirty-four years. Mendel turned into the abbot of his religious community in 1868 and was excessively occupied and debilitated to proceed with his analyses. He passed on in 1884, never realizing that he would be touted as the father of current hereditary qualities. The Early Work on DNA In 1869, soon after Mendel had stopped working with plants, a 25-year-old Swiss scientist, Johann Friedrich Miescher, found a substance called nuclein inside cells. This substance was later seen as connected to a protein which was named histone from the Greek word signifying cell.

Monasticism Essays - Asceticism, Monasticism, Monk, Hermit

Asceticism Asceticism, actually being a loner, has come to portray the lifestyle relating to individuals living in disconnection from the remainder of the world. These individuals are under strict guarantee and subject to a fixed guideline, as priests. The essential thought of asceticism is complete separation from the remainder of society. The strategy they have received, regardless of what the exact subtleties might be, is for the most part sorted out austerity. In the event that the methods of devotion were taken in a wide enough sense it might be found in each strict framework that has achieved a high degree of moral turn of events, for example, Buddhist, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions, and even in the arrangement of the socialist social orders at our present time. All through my learning in class, I have come to comprehend that the religious lifestyle is a parsimonious one, yet I don't think saying the most punctual Christian plainness was devout is right. Considering the conditions in which the early Christians were set, for the primary century or so of the Church's presence living separated from the assembly of the reliable was not feasible, it was viewed as almost inconceivable. Notwithstanding, I get myself sure that religion, when it came, was minimal in excess of a gathering of thoughts beforehand in arrangement among Christians. For parsimony is the battle contrary to common standards, even with, for example, are only common without being evil. The world wants and praises riches, so the plain loves and respects destitution. On the off chance that he should have something in the idea of property, at that point he and his colleagues will hold it in like manner, in light of the fact that the world regards and defends private possession. In like way he works on fasting and virginity that along these lines he may deny the permit of the world.

Audiobooks For the Blues

Audiobooks For the Blues I have been having the sads. Nothing clinical, nothing too serious, just a sort of gray, lethargic feeling of uninspired, overwhelmed blah. So, I am doing what I always do: I’m turning to books. Specifically audiobooks (great for the commute or lounging around the house, staring listlessly at all the things that you should be cleaning/organizing/doing). If I hadn’t already listened to them, I would recommend Cheryl Strayeds TINY BEAUTIFUL THINGS and Aisha Tylers SELF INFLICTED WOUNDS. But I need something new. So I turned to my super-smart fellow contributors to ask for their suggestions. Heres what they said: Year of Yes: How to Dance it Out, Stand in the Sun and Be Your Own Person by Shonda Rhimes Sometimes when I’m “meh” about life, I need a reminder that I’m acting as my own biggest enemy.  And I find that the easiest way to get out of my own way is to say “yes” to things I normally wouldn’t.  I have so much respect for Shonda Rhimes as a kick-ass lady of both art and business, so there’s no better person to kick me into action when my instinct is to hide my head under blankets on my couch and just take up space. Yes Please by Amy Poehler: Not only is Amy funny as hell, but she’s one bad-ass woman with an old soul wisdom and insight into the hearts and motivations of the human race. I laugh-cried my way through this book and felt like I was better for having experienced it. The Art of Asking: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let People Help by Amanda Palmer: Clearly, I’m currently brought out of my doldrums by strong, funny, independent women. Amanda Palmer’s book gave me the permission to stop feeling like my needs are a burden to those around me. The release of this realization was utterly freeing. Elizabeth Allen Shrill: Notes from a Loud Women by Lindy West This book is just really empowering. Lindy West has been through and dealt with a lot in her life, and she handles it like a badass. Listening to this book is a good reminder that sometimes you just need to reframe the way you are thinking about something and apply some humor to the situation. Sophie Khan   You Are a Badass: How to Stop Doubting Your Greatness and Start Living an Awesome Life by Jen Sincero Sometimes you just need to listen to a book with ‘badass’ in the title. Bonus points when it’s written and read by a sassy woman who figured out she’s got it going on, and wants you to figure out that you, too, have it going on. I know it looks and sounds like a run-of-the-mill self-help book, but this really is a special brand of self-help book. Its one of the best Ive found. Ashley Holstrom   So Sad Today by Melissa Broder Sometimes I feel sad and I don’t want to feel better. Sometimes I just want another person to tell me: “yes, I too am an anxious mess and cannot deal with life even when it feels like I have nothing to complain about.” So Sad Today scratches that itch. Broder is anxious, funny, raw, and so willing to share her issues. She also tricks me into laughing, which eventually makes me feel better. This book is like getting a really comforting hug from a naked stranger. Emma Nichols   Redshirts by John Scalzi I don’t seek empowerment or sympathy when I’m feeling sad. I want fiction. I want a story about people standing up for what they believe in. I want a good laugh. I want a happy ending. One of the most reliable places to find those things, at least for me, is in the work of John Scalzi. Redshirts is a personal favorite (I’m a Trekkie. How could it not be?), but I’ve found that most of his books are balanced. They are all about fighting the good fight, and those doing the fighting get to have plenty of laughs along the way. My favorite part is that, in the Scalzi universe, people find their happy endings.  It may take a while, and there is most certainly loss along the way, but they find them.  And that helps me remember that I’ll find mine, too. Cassandra Neace   You Can’t Touch My Hair: And Other Things I Still Have to Explain by Phoebe Robinson When I’m feeling uninspired, I look for a book that makes me laugh and also makes me think. Robinson’s essay collection about race, feminism, and pop culture is absorbing and entertaining. It’s particularly intimate as an audiobook because of Robinson’s engaging narration. Listening to this audiobook is like having coffee with a witty friend whose fresh perspective encourages you to do better. Erin Burba   So, thanks to my fellow Rioters, I now have a queue of feel-better books. What audiobook always makes you feel better? Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world.

The Concern Of American Competitiveness Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2005 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? One of the prominent aspects of the debate concerning American competitiveness in world markets is the marked increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions involving American firms. Heigthened awareness occurs when a Japanese company is the acquirer, especially if very large sums are involved. The purpose of this research is to examine these cross-border mergers and acquisitions involving American and Japanese firms, particularly in the last decade. Several factors make the U.S. markets attractive to Japanese investors. For instance, the size of the American economy, the largest in the world, implies vast consumer markets. In a discussion of motives for Japanese foreign direct investment, Chernotsky singles out the size, importance and accessibility of the U.S. market as one of the major pull factors attracting Japanese investment.(2) Yet size alone cannot explain this extraordinary attraction of U.S. markets for foreign investors. After all, there are othe r large economies and consumer markets. Fears of a surge in protectionism in the United States has become another common theme in the debate concerning foreign direct investment. The case of the establishment of subsidiaries of major Japanese automobilie manufacturers in the U.S. during the 1980s is a visible example of a strategy designed to fend off protectionist threats. In addition, for foreign investors as a whole, the political stability offered by the U.S. marketplace, evidenced by a generally benign set of rules and regulations concerning foreign businesses, is a factor of attraction which ranks second only to the sheer size of the U.S. economy. The United States has consistently enjoyed a very hospitable climate for foreign investment. Indeed, Yoshida (1987) reports that to look for the political stability is one of the main reasons for Japanese manufacturing investment in the United States; not only that, special tax incentives and other state and local government incen tives rank among the most important factors influencing location decisions within the United States.(3) In sum, the attractiveness of the large U.S. markets, the traditionally liberal U.S. business environment and pervasive fears of a rising tide of protectionism have figured predominantly as issues to be carefully considered by current and prospective foreign investors, especially by companies contemplating a merger or acquisition of a U.S. concern. There are, however, other major factors in this complex decision, which have received increased attention. They relate to corporate restructuring, technology transfers, corporate culture, and the investment horizon.(4) This general rationale for the attractiveness of the United States for cross-border mergers and acquisitions by Japanese businesses is only part of the picture. It seems important to identify certain variables that affected the flows of U.S.-Japan acquisitions during the 1980s. Accordingly, in the next section, we d iscuss macroeconomic variables that may apply to any cross-border activity, but are particularly relevant to the U.S.-Japan case. This is followed, by our empirical analysis which contains our statistical models, a description of the data and our results. Finally, the implications of our results that the drive for cross-border acquisitions is explained both by macroeconomic as well as by industry and firmspecific variables are summarized in the last section. Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions: Developments in the 1980s and their Rationale Since the end of the 1981-1982 recession in the United States, there has been a marked increase in domestic and cross-border merger and acquisition activity. This cross-border acquisition wave receded only with the onset of recession in the U.S. and the U.K. during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the dislocations imposed by the German reunification and more recently with the marked slowdown of the Japanese economy. Moreover, the compo sition of cross-border acquisition activity has shifted abruptly over the same period. For example, U.S. acquisitions of non-U.S. firms increased modestly from 149 in 1983 to 177 in 1987, while foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms rose substantially. In 1983, there were 116 foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms, valued at about $22 billion; this increased to 363 foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms in 1987, with an approximate value of $42 billion. To put it another way, U.S. firms acted as acquiring firms in about 56 percent of the cross-border acquisitions involving U.S. firms in 1983, versus only about 26 percent in 1987. In some of the more publicized foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms, a Japanese company acted as the acquiring firm, including Sonys acquisition of CBS Records Group and Bridgestones acquisition of Firestone Tire Rubber Co. It seems important to examine the variables that a company considers when contemplating a cross-border acquisition or merger. The extant literatu re lacks a framework within which different cases of cross-border mergers and acquisitions can be analyzed. In this section we consider the positive as well as the unfavorable factors affecting cross-border mergers and acquisitions, with a focus on the U.S.-Japan recent experience. In addition, using a capital budgeting framework, we illustrate how the feasibility of a proposed foreign acquisition can be measured. This framework is then applied to explain the recent trends of increasing acquisitions of U.S. firms by foreign firms and reduced acquisitions of non-U.S. firms by U.S. firms. In the following section, we proceed to examine the empiricalà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ The recent French and Dutch votes rejecting the European Unions constitution could hamper cross-border merger and acquisition activity, at least indirectly, if they retard efforts to standardize various regulatory regimes. But the no votes are not expected to have a material impact on foreign investment in Europe, or on MA, according to European and international corporate lawyers. With widely varying corporate, labor and tax laws among member states, cross-border mergers in Europe are often cumbersome, if not outright difficult. A yes vote for the proposed constitution would have speeded the streamlining of various regulatory regimes, according to Peter Goes, an MA partner at the Benelux law firm of NautaDutilh N.V.à ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ I. INTRODUCTION The growing web of interdependencies in the global economy has developed new relationships between economic agents of different countries. In the last decade, an interesting phenomenon surfaced in the international market for corporate control. The number of foreign firms acquiring U.S. firms, in aggregate terms, has been larger than the number of U.S. firms taking over foreign companies. For instance, during the 1981-1990 period the average number of transactions per year involving a for eign bidder for a U.S. company was 218 and the yearly average dollar amount for the same period was $23.4 billion. We can contrast with this the average number of transactions and dollar amounts involving U.S. bidders for a foreign company which were 147 and $8.5 billion respectively. Thus, as Table 1 shows, U.S. companies have played mainly a target role in the cross-border market for corporate control. The exact motivations for observing U.S. firms as targets outnumbering bidders are many (e.g., macroeconomic factors, firm-specific financial characteristics, corporate strategic moves, political motives, and/or the possibility of a good buy). The focus of our study is on this final factor, managements quest for undervalued assets. Table 1. Cross-border Merger And Acquisition Activity Involving U.S. Companies Year U.S. Target U.S. Bidder Transactions Billions ($) Transactions Billions ($) 1981 243 18.1 10 11.1 1982 153 5.1 121 0.8 1983 125 5.9 146 2.5 1984 15 1 15.5 147 2.6 1985 197 10.9 175 1.4 1986 264 24.5 180 5.2 1987 220 40.4 142 11.0 1988 307 55.5 151 14.5 1989 285 40.4 220 22.2 1990 266 33.0 266 18.0 Average 218 23.4 147 8.5 Source: Mergerstat Review International mergers and acquisitions research focuses primarily on wealth transfers. For instance, Doukas and Travlos (1988), besides offering an excellent review of this literature, contrasts the returns to shareholders from U.S. and non-U.S. based firms expanding into foreign markets. Conn and Connell (1990) also include an extensive literature review of merger and acquisitions within their empirical study of wealth transfers between U.S. and British firms expansion into each others markets. Outside of the wealth transfer research, empirical international merger and acquisition research is lagging behind its domestic (e.g., U.S.) counterpart which is rich in studies from the perspective of both sides of the negotiation table. In this tradition, Harris an d Ravenscrafts (1991) linkage of the undervaluation, management inefficiency, and market imperfections hypotheses provides the theoretical foundation for our empirical testing. Thus, our contribution to the merger literature is the empirical validation of undervaluation as one of the key financial motivations underlying acquisitions in the international arena. Under our hypotheses, we postulate that the existence of product and service market imperfections that cause frictions in the global market (such as transaction costs and costs associated with barriers to entry) contributes to favor the acquisition of a company already operating. This is because the amount paid for an existing company, as compared to the replacement cost of its assets, more than compensates for the costs that could have been incurred had the foreign firm started with brand new facilities. Thus, in order to minimize the acquisition costs, foreign firms should follow the same pattern of analysis as their dome stic counterparts and search for undervalued and/or mismanaged companies as targets for their acquisitions.(1) The results of our undervaluation hypotheses testing, within the Tobins q framework utilized by Servaes (1991) for the study of domestic mergers, support this viewpoint.(2) To our knowledge, there are no other studies on cross-border merger and acquisitions that validate the theoretical undervaluation hypothesis within an international setting. Other domestic MA studies, such as Palepu (1986) and Dietrich and Sorensen (1984), provide the foundation for our use of the logit methodology for predicting acquisition targets. Palepu (1986) also stresses the need to take into account the fact that the targets and bidders are oversampled and therefore the Maximum Likelihood estimators might be biased. We attempt to compensate for this problem by using a choice-based sample based on a Weighted Maximum Likelihood Estimator (hereafter WMLE) as explained in Appendix II and outlined by Manski and McFadden (1981). Consistent with previous studies applied to the domestic market for corporate control (see for example Chappel and Cheng, 1984), we hypothesize that undervalued U.S. companies are more likely to be targets of foreign companies. Thus, our first hypothesis, Undervaluation-Target Hypothesis, is described as: H1: The likelihood of a U.S. firm becoming a target increases when the firm is perceived as being undervalued. Within the empirical analysis, we proxy this undervaluation with Tobins q (i.e., the ratio of market value to replacement cost of assets of the U.S. firm), which is a continuation of the approach pioneered by Tobin (1969). Since then many other researchers have used Tobins q as both a theoretical and an empirical tool to establish a relationship between the product or service markets and the capital markets. For instance, Chirinko (1987) concludes that the theoretical usefulness of Tobins q stems from the fact that it incorporates fo rward-looking behavior, reflects optimal choices, and contains estimated coefficients that are readily identified. Under this hypothesized relationship, investment (i.e. the addition to the stock of capital) is determined by the marginal q, defined as the ratio of the discounted future revenues from an additional unit of capital to its net-of-tax purchase price. However, due to difficulties of empirically valuing a marginal q, our study relies on an average q. This proxy is supported by Tobin and Brainard (1977), who emphasized that the forces of continuity in the economy are strong and that we can expect that the same factors which raise or lower q on the margin will likewise raise or lower q on the average. Assuming that the takeover decision is motivated by the same stimuli that encourage firms to grow internally, Chappell and Cheng (1984) were among the first to study the q ratio as a predictor of takeover targets. They found that the high abnormal returns experienced by a cquirers before the merger are consistent with a high q ratio, signaling to the companies that it is time to expand. Nevertheless, they concluded that the effect of the q ratio is not always significant and that these effects vary. Holly and Longbottom (1988), using the same framework followed by Chappell and Cheng (1984), analyzed U.K. firms and found that if the average q ratio is more than one, the takeover (i.e., investment) is desirable. If it is less than one, it is not. Lang, Stulz and Walking (1989) studied tender offers and their relationship to Tobins q. Under theà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Concern Of American Competitiveness Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Responsibility for the Holocaust - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 468 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? Latisha made an important acknowledgment in mentioning, atrocities were devoted due to the Germans were so cruel, and aggressive during the time Hitler was in power. Fundamental attribution is defined as making a judgment about someones character which can be from a persons conduct in a particular situation. Not seeing the German individuals were experiencing and why they were acting the way they were rather Latishas attention was straightforwardly on German Culture in Hitlers opportunity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Responsibility for the Holocaust" essay for you Create order She moved her focal point from Hitlers power to everyday citizens. One motivation behind why she could have put forth is expression since she didnt know much about the Hitlers day and age or she knew just how Jews were fiercely killed. She related the all the German individuals as being cruel individuals with unusual bent identities. This could be valid for a few people, yet not all. They may have been compelled to conflict with their will or debilitated to be executed. Another motivation behind why she could have put forth this expression since she was not completely mindful of the conditions and the circumstances Germans and Jews were living in. Expecting Latisha is American the way of life and attitude she originates from can put forth her make this expression. For instance, she once in a while hears somebody murdered somebody and the news is finished. One more week comes one individual was discovered kicked the bucket et cetera. There was nothing presented in this situation like this one. In her mind, she can misrepresent since she was never in this sort of circumstance. Again it can go the other route also. For instance, a man who has proceeded with this circumstance most likely say a similar thing since they have lost their confidence in German individuals they were damaged. It influences us to think then why Latisha put forth this expression. I trust her social qualities and the outlook she was raised in has a considerable measure to do with this. Living in America, we have the opportunity and are possess rights. Indeed, even minorities are viewed as equivalent; there are no religious commitments or sexual orientation confinements. Latisha put forth this expression since when the inquiry was gotten some information about Germans and Hitler it set off her mind that they slaughtered numerous Jews. Another clarification to the motivation behind why such a significant number of Germans conformed to Hitlers requests was to butcher a huge number of blameless Jews and others. Amid the war, Germans took after the request from Hitler since he was in charge. German who was in the armed force just saw them as adversaries and murdered them. Regardless of whether they had affections for Jews, they needed to keep it aside and take after the requests else they would n eed to pay the cost.

A Midsummers Night Dream - 554 Words

Have you ever heard a quote that really stood out to you. And then you went and told you friends that quote and they liked it. And they told people who told other people and then everyone liked. Eventually, you know with all the social media programs these days, its going to end up on facebook or instagram and even more people are going to find out about it. Thats one way a quote can become famous but another way is if it is in a popular movie or book. In this case it is from one of Shakespeares finest and most known, A Midsummer Night’s Dream. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream the quote â€Å"the course of true love never did run smoothly† applies to the different people in the book: the first couple is Hermia and Lysander, Second Demetrius and Helena, and finally Pyramus and Thisbe. To start, the first couple that proves the quote right is Hermia and Lysander. They had a very â€Å"bumpy† love story. When they were going to run away together you think that everything is going to be okay. Then, because someone was trying to help Lysander stopped loving Hermia for a little while. That was the biggest bump in their road of love because they make you think that they aren’t going to be together. Hermia starts to as Lysander why this bump has come up so quickly and suddenly when it seemed like they had a smooth road ahead. Lysander tells her that he is now in love with Helena by saying. This is Lysander saying how he hates Hermia know becasue of the beautiful Helena. But in the endShow MoreRelatedLove in a Midsummers Night Dream1772 Words   |  8 PagesHow does Shakespeare use the theme of love in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’? Shakespeare uses the theme of love to show how complicated love can be; Hermia falling in love with Lysander and Egeus not allowing her to get married to Lysander. Lysander and Hermia try to figure things out between themselves and their forbidden love, â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth†. On the other hand Shakespeare uses comical love with Helena’s unrequited love for Demetrius. Helena is so sad she calls herselfRead MoreMale Dominance in a Midsummers Night Dream1304 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent is Shakespeare trying portray male dominance over the female characters, in A Midsummer’s Night Dream. Almost in every play of Shakespeare we can see the dominance of males over women. In his plays women have no right to say what they think or what they want. They are always expected to be faithful to their fathers and husbands. They don’t have any freedom about their lives. However we know that this attitude of men against women in Shakespeare’s plays is a reflection of RenaissanceRead More A Midsummers Nights Dream by William Shakespeare Essay639 Words   |  3 Pages A Midsummers Nights Dream by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare wrote a midsummers night dream in 1595. He wrote this comedy to celebrate the marriage of a noble man. An important guest at the wedding was Elizabeth 1st. The play describes the adventures of two sets of lovers as they pass through the forest outside Athens, they are misused by immortals Oberon the fairy king and puck his messenger. To get revenge on his wife Titania, Oberon misuses Bottom a labourerRead MoreA Midsummers Night Dream and As You Like It Essay2193 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeare often compares imagination and reality in his plays. He explores this comparison through the role and purpose of the forests in Midsummer Nights Dream and As You Like It. Midsummer Nights Dream focuses on imagination and escape, while As You like It focuses on reality and self discovery. The forest in Midsummer Nights Dream represents imagination. Puck, a fairy servant and friend of Oberon, watches six Athenian men practice a play to be performed for Theseus wedding in the forestRead MoreThe Role of Marriage in Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer’s Night Dream and The Merchant of Venice952 Words   |  4 Pages Shakespearean comedies, like â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†, â€Å"A Midsummer’s Night Dream† and â€Å"The Merchant of Venice†, typically end with a happy ending usually involving a marriage between a couple that was courting throughout the play. The ill-matched couples courting throughout the play often encounter obstacles and experience an uncanny style of courting. Shakespeare focuses on the hectic courting of the poorly matched individuals married at the end of the play rather than the future lives of theseRead MoreAnalysis on A Midsummer Nights Dream by William Shakespeare1239 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Chain of Being. This hierarchy, with God and royalty at the top, man in the middle above women, and animals near the bottom, was the basis of status. Deviation from the established order was considered absurd and created chaos. In A Midsummer’s Night Dream, Shakespeare uses the juxtaposition of contrasting people and settings to explore the effects of disorder in Elizabethan society while revealing character flaws for comic effect. The antagonistic setting of Theseus’ Athens and the surroundingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet, King Lear, And A Midsummer s Night Dream1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bard of Avon, commonly known as William Shakespeare is one of the best known playwrights in the (Video). A few of his most famous plays include Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and A Midsummer’s Night Dream (McArthur). Although he was popular during his time, Shakespeare’s influence continued to grow after his death and today he well known around the world. He added 2,000 words to the English dictionary and he is the 2nd most quoted after the Bible (Video). Shakespeare is one of the mostRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Twelfth Night 998 Words   |  4 PagesThe introduction of Twelfth Night, written by M.M. Mahood, provides a cultural setting for readers to better understand the play. Although Mahood wrote the introduction for Twelfth Night, the information also allows readers to appreciate the magical freedom that A Midsummer Night’s Dream encompasses. Mahood delves into the cultural significance of Puritanism early in the 17th century through the character of Malvolio. Although Twelfth Night is a comedy, the presence of morally strict PuritanismRead MoreAway by Michael Gow857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Christmas of 1968. Roy and Coral (the headmaster and his wife) are becoming increasingly close to breaking up. Their son was killed in the Vietnam War and Coral is still grieving for him. Tom and Meg were in the school’s production of A Midsummer’s Nights Dream. Tom has Leukaemia, and his parents, Harry and Vic, haven’t told him that he is going to die, but Tom has worked it out already. Tom and his family immigrated to Australia form England. They are going on holiday knowing that it could be theirRead MoreRalph Waldo Emerson s Dead Poets Society1376 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Self-Reliance. Neil also begins to attempt to question what his father has deemed wrong and right for him his entire life. Neil displays his desire to break free from his father and rely on his own thoughts and opinions when he auditions for A Midsummer’s Night Dream. He tells Todd Anderson that he is â€Å"gonna be an actor! Ever since I can remember, I ve wanted to try this...but, of course, my father wouldn t let me. For the first time in my whole life, I know what I wanna do†(Dead Poets Society). As

Common Application Eating Disorders free essay sample

Eating disorders are becoming more and more common in teenagers and even adults these days, on account of societys idea of the perfect body. The spread of this devastating mental disease has reached every corner of the world and affects millions of young men and women. The point of this essay is to explain the types of eating disorders there are, the effects of these eating disorders, the harsh effect that the media has on a young persons mind, and my personal battle with this disease that came, destroyed a lot of things, and never really left. There are many types of eating disorders, the most common eating disorders though are Anorexia-Nervosa and Bulimia-Nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is when a person is overwhelmed by the irrational fear of gaining weight, distorted body self-perception and they tend to restrict their diet to very small portions of food, if at all. This eating disorder is more commonly found in women but can also be found in men. Anorexia effects your mind in so many ways that many people claim to not know who they are anymore, they feel as if they’ve lost themselves in the disease and become obsessed with it. Anorexia is thought of as the â€Å"incurable disorder† because many people never completely recover from this disorder, they only learn how to manage it well, after many many years of rehabilitation and therapy. The obsession that comes with this disorder completely over takes the persons life, a scale becomes their worst enemy and food becomes a monster they are constantly fighting. Mentally, this disorder wears a person down, until they start developing other mental disorders such as depression or even schizophrenia. The mental effects that this disorder has is only the half of it, the effects it physically leaves are awful as well. Typically, a person who develops this disorder and lives with it for a long period of time with eventually become very weak and frail, their hair becomes t hin and tends to fall out, they stop menstruating and because of this their bones will lose their density and be very easy to break. It’s also common for someone to become addicted to drugs or alcohol. There is nothing beautiful about this disease, there is nothing good about this obsession and in the end, the person is never happy with their â€Å"progress† anyway. Eventually they will wither away to nothing simply because they never think they’re thin enough. (nimh.nih.gov) The other common eating disorder that people suffer from is Bulimia-Nervosa, this disorder is the act of binging and purging, or eating large sums of food in a short period of time, and then ridding the body of the food, often by throwing up or with laxatives. This disease, while is similar to Anorexia, has its own physical effects and mental effects that are just as deadly. A person who suffers from this disease will often lock themselves in a room by themselves, to binge in private. The differences between the two disorders are the way the food is consumed, how much, and how the diseases differ in terms of being noticeable. The food consumed when the person is diagnosed with Anorexia tends to cut their food up into very small pieces, and very very small portions of food, while a person with Bulimia tends to consume large bites of food, and in large quantities. People with bulimia tend to also be able to hide their disease better, because even in the most desperate attempts of ridd ing their body of the food, they’re still taking some calories in. This doesn’t mean the bulimia is a safer eating disorder or that it’s better. Both of these disease can ruin a persons life in a very short period of time, and it also can ruin the lives of people around them. Eating disorders don’t only effect the person who has it, it also effects the ones that love them, constantly putting them in fear that you could die or severely hurt yourself. These diseases are like hurricanes or tornados. They come through and cause so much destruction. When they pass, there is still so much damage and there is lots of work that needs to be done to fix things, but they’ll never be the exact way they were before. (nimh.nih.gov) There is an overwhelming idea that the media has loads to do with the growing epidemic that is eating disorders. The media uses sex and the idea of the perfect body in the media to get their point across, even in car commercials you never see a heavier person driving, or the average sized 40 year old man. There is always that constant reminder that one has the perfect body and the perfect smile and the viewer doesn’t. Women in the media are often shown in skimpy clothing, and they’re very fit. Clothing models and runway models are never plus sized. Even fictional characters are thin and beautiful. The idea of the perfect body is constantly flashed in front of our faces, all the time. There is never an add on the TV for being happy with yourself, but there is plenty of exercise equipment and diet pills for sale. A survey was done at Yale, and 4,000 students said they would rather give up a year of their life than be fat, and a large percent of them stated that they would try diet pills, if they felt like they should. 91% of women surveyed on a college campus had attempted to control their weight through dieting. 22% dieted â€Å"often† or â€Å"always.† Market data estimates that the total U.S. weight loss market was worth $55.4 billion in 2006 and is constantly growing at a very rapid rate. Think about that, all that money is going into paying a person who is fit and beautiful, to tell you that a little pill can make you thin and happy. There’s something very suspicious about that, and I find it very hard to believe that the people in the ads got their 6 pack from swallowing a pill. The media is harder on our minds than we realize, and with it being such a large part of our culture and our lifestyle here in America, we don’t even register that the media is makin g such a big impact on the younger minds of today. In a survey of girls 9 and 10 years old, 40% have tried to lose weight, according to an ongoing study funded by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Right there is a reason that we should be more concerned with trying to prevent eating disorders, and distorted ideas of body image in the younger generations. By the time girls reach the age of 17, 78% of them are unhappy with the way their bodies look and want to change it. 42% of 1st-3rd grade girls want to be thinner. These statistics are the sad reality behind the growing danger of eating disorders, and how they even effect the younger children as well. The media will probably never stop portraying women as thin beautiful people, all the time, but that doesn’t mean people can’t try to help younger people grow up to understand the truth behind the media, the magical effects of photoshop and make up, and the truth behind the â€Å"perfect women.† There i sn’t one. (anad.org healthpsych.psy.vanderbilt.edu) My personal experience isn’t well known. Very few people know about my eating disorder, other have their own suspicions. This will be the first time telling my story so openly, but hopefully not my last. I would love for my story to help someone with their own disorder, but I know in my heart that an unfinished story can’t help someone, only influence them to at least make it as far as I have. I haven’t recovered from my eating disorder, I still struggle on a daily basis with food and my self confidence. Thankfully though, I think I’ve escaped my darkest days. I remember this moment very distinctly, because it was the first time I ever really thought I was fat. I was in 6th grade, and I was on a dance team. The night that we were supposed to perform, I wore a crop top type costume, I remember looking down at my body and not liking what I saw. Things progressed slowly from there and then eventually exploded into a full blown obsession. I suffered from Anor exia-Nervosa and reached my lowest weight, in 8th grade of 78 Lbs. Being only 5’2’’ at the time, people automatically assumed that I would be very petite. On a daily basis I was consuming so few calories that I tended to become light headed and tired all the time. Physically, I just looked worn out, mentally I was worn out, and I was tired of the stress that I was facing. I decided to chose between the things that were most important in my life, and decided that I would have to stop giving at least one thing less attention. Of course, I wasn’t going to give up my eating disorder, it was impossible, so I decided that school was the last thing on my list of things to care about, and I began to fail all my classes. History and English were my two favorite subjects, and I completely stopped trying in everything I did. The assignments we got were never that challenging for me, I just didn’t care enough to try and complete them. I put papers in my locker so they could sit there until I got sick of looking at them, rubrics for projects were thrown in the trash and my projects were mediocre quality. I knew I could do a lot better, but I wasn’t applying myself at all. What changed my life at this point was my fathers divorce, he was going through his own hard time, and left decision making up to me, I chose to move. I was desperate for something to change, and I was also desperate to â€Å"fix myself† before I started at a new school. I became obsessed with self help books and websites, equally as obsessed with helping myself, as I was with destroying myself. Eventually I did talk to someone. I tried at home treatment, because I refused to go to a center, I started to overcome my eating disorder and things seemed to get a little better. The time came to move, and obviously I wasn’t going to be able to take my therapist with me, so I stopped treatment, and I moved on with my life. To this day I still see signs of my disorder, haunting the back of my mind. I have my bad days when I won’t eat anything, or days when I feel ashamed of myself because of the things that I did eat, but there are always struggles that come with making progress. I hope to eventually be able to say that I did beat my demons, and that I’m happy with the direction my life is going. Until then, I’ll be fighting my demons and hopefully helping people understand these deadly mental diseases and the effects that the world has on young men and women.

Is this the end of traditional marriages free essay sample

Marriage is a fear for some men and a fairy tale dream for most women. A marriage is a commitment between two people. Two people who declare their love for one another. Two people who initially share the same realistic goal to be with each other for a lifetime, without any doubts. In the reading, â€Å"Could Temporary Marriages Reduce the Alarming Rate of Divorce? † by Natalie Rivera explains the idea that temporary marriages can be the ideal matter for some people who do not want to be committed. However, Rivera does not believe in this herself, she believes temporary marriages are not to take into account as a â€Å"traditional marriage† because it overwhelms everything about it being traditional. In today’s age group there is nothing traditional about marriage, this generation we live in has changed the meaning of what â€Å"traditional† is it’s no longer a realistic goal for most people in this day and age; it’s not what our society is following up with. We will write a custom essay sample on Is this the end of traditional marriages? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A traditional marriage (in my point of view) is marrying your significant other, living together after marriage and starting a family while being in a monogamous commitment with each other. Every couple who decides to† take it to the next step† by getting married have the ideal purpose to be with their spouse for a lifetime just as their vows said, â€Å"until death do us part†. Nowadays, traditional isn’t necessarily what this generation is pursuing. Some of today’s teenagers have changed the cycle of what traditional marriage should be. For example, several of today’s teenagers decide to have a child first. The father of the child might be pressured to get married with the mother, whom eventually they decided as a couple to divorce. Why? Their relationship did not meet their expectations or they were facing too many problems; as a result of this a higher divorce rate. The society around us transforms the culture we live in; marriage happens to fall into that category. Many people who begin a relationship don’t worry about being monogamous because to them it might not be a concern when they have a deep emotional romantic connection. They don’t believe they are capable of being unfaithful because they love their other half. But as the years pass by, some partners lose their feelings and change their initial way of thinking. This is where the problems begin; infidelity becomes present in most relationships. They might try going to couples therapy to fix their problems, however few will be able to make that change. For the other couples, divorce might be the only resolution. Just as Rivera explains in her reading, the divorce rate in the United States is higher while in Mexico the divorce rate is not comparable. The reason being for that is because Mexico City there is a â€Å"temporary marriage licenses† with the minimum of two years. Could the concept of temporary marriages be the answer couples seek out? Or is this a trouble-free method couple’s lean to? This is another example of this generation changing the definition of what traditional should be. When entering a new relationship we all know communication and honesty is per say an obligation, of course if you want a long term and healthy relationship. These days seems like immature adolescents are more likely to married rather than mature couples. If an immature couple decides to join as one and married and have lack of communication how would they be able to have a stable, happy and successful marriage? If the couple can’t communicate on a regular basis it can turn their relationship bitter; ending in a divorce. Or, if there is lack of honesty, keeping secrets from your spouse and lying, well it can potentially sabotage a relationship. For example, my aunt married at the age of 18 with a man who she knew for less than one year. She said both of them married young and immature. Her marriage only lasted one year; she said it was the worst marriage because they didn’t have any communication, nothing in common and they both lied to each other by being unfaithful. This is another example of divorce and another reason why this society changes the point of view of people. The ending of traditional marriages is because the rises of divorce and it’s also because the society and generation we are growing up has revolutionize into something that has slowly vanished. The definition of traditional; â€Å"relating to or based on tradition†. How do we lie to ourselves by saying traditional still is present when we have this new culture that has damage what traditional means. For example, temporary marriages, how does that compete with tradition, it doesn’t. It overcomes the principle of traditional marriage. Many couples will see their marriage as traditional while others are more open to define the new tradition. Tough, society changes day by day and defines a new age it is no longer a realistic goal for most people nowadays. Tradition is not what society is engaging in our time.

Narrative Essay on Italian Immigrants Essays

Narrative Essay on Italian Immigrants Essays Narrative Essay on Italian Immigrants Essay Narrative Essay on Italian Immigrants Essay Her parents worked hard to gain US Citizenship and come productive members of society. The values that were instilled upon my aunt years ago still hold true today for her and my family today. TOPICS: Italian American, The Great Depression, Working Conditions, Gaining US Citizenship. For my narrative I spoke with my moms aunt, I Like to refer to her as my aunt also, though I know this Isnt the proper title for her. Her parents moved the family here In the early sasss (1911 was her approximate guess on the year) from Italy. When the came here her oldest brother, was already 5 years old. After arriving here the settled onto a small town in Pennsylvania, named Wampum. Wampum was a small (approximately 1,200 residents) suburb of Pittsburgh. Wampum was full of other Italian immigrants so they fit right in. Her father began working at the local lime quarry, where all the other Italian immigrants in town also worked. The quarry produced the lime used by Portland Medusa Cement Co. Her mother stayed home and tended to the family and home. During the next few years, 2 more sons and 3 daughters were born. The first born once immigrating here, a son was killed at the age of 10, by an unidentified hit and run driver. This was very hard on the family, especially her mother; since he had been the first born In the US and had acted as the Interpreter for her. They all spoke Italian around the house, but her father spoke some English at work, and the children all learned English In school. Her mother also took some night school classes as the children got older. The classes taught her sewing, enough English to get by in daily life, and helped her to pass her citizenship test. Her father and brother also eventually became US citizens. My aunt talked about going to school and being made fun of for being both Italian/Catholic in a predominately White/Protestant area. The kids in elementary school would tease her by saying Hunky day go shinny walk, eat your macaroni/ spaghetti with worms on top which would bring my aunt to tears. Her mom would say for her to Just tell them l dont eat macaroni or spaghetti, I eat steak! Looking back she laughs about It but at the time It was very difficult for her. She also had many Issues once graduating High School flying a Job. Many people In the community adulterated against the Italians, both for their ethnicity and their religious beliefs. After graduating High School in 1943 she moved to Erie, Pennsylvania to work as a dental assailant. (l tank tins Is winner seen met near TLS husband, but she didnt want to talk about it to me. ) She was able to get this Job due to WI going on at the time and them now training women to do mens Jobs that were away at war. Another topic she touched on was The Great Depression of the sasss. They were very poor, but they didnt really notice it cause so was everyone else during these times. She talked about walking the tracks in town, looking for coal that had fallen off assign trains. They collect as much as they could and use it to heat their house all winter. They also would plant/tend to a garden during the warm months, which in turn provided enough vegetables to can and eat during the winter. They also had chickens which provided them more then enough eggs to bake what they needed. Her father had built an outdoor oven in the backyard to cook bread in. She remembers the bags that flour used to come in and how her mother would always make a tablecloth and plate mats out of the old pages. In 1939/1940 steel arrived in the area. Her brothers started working in that field. The one worked at B. Wilcox Tube Company, working with the steel they put inside tires. It was a good Job that he stuck with until his death. (she didnt say if it was a work related death) Her other brother worked in the Ellwood City Tube Mill. Her sisters were now old enough to also work and worked in various retail type stores in town. She was the only one who moved away from home. The lime quarry where her father was working was eventually stripped of all the lime. It was then turned into a growing facility for Snowman Mushrooms. This provided lots of new Jobs for the people in town, including the women. (She wasnt sure what the women exactly did there though. ) The last topic she touched on was the amount of religion the family was involved in. They were a very Catholic family, attending Church every Sunday, and also on Tuesday and Thursday nights. Her mother loved going to Church. The priest spoke Latin and he and her mother would talk for hours since Latin and Italian are one in the same language. She was very adamant on telling me and making sure I wrote down that all of the ids graduated from High School, the whole family did in fact become US citizens and also they received NO extra help during The Depression. I know from also talking to my other family members that Italians are big on family, and they like to help each other, but not receive much outside help. The boys in the family are treated like kings. This is very apparent when you look at both my moms brother and my brother. They both seem to do no wrong, and the women bend over backwards to take care of them and make sure their needs are met.

SZT Task 4 Disaster in Franklin County Research Paper

SZT Task 4 Disaster in Franklin County - Research Paper Example This was significant because they had to be coordinated and encouraging to tackle all cultural, social, health and material issues emerging in the community every now and then. The health workers in the local vicinity synchronized transportation, communal services, public utilities, unpaid helpers, salvage works as well as support from outside members. The public health nurse had roles to play too. They were to communicate efficiently working in partnership with the whole of health units and other groups so as, to systematize resources that were essential throughout the disaster. In the simulation, they went door to door carrying out interviews of the community members. From these interviews, it was possible to obtain safety status as well as the health of the community. During the disaster, there are several people who also participated in ensuring that the rescue mission was success. For instance, the incident commander on the ground ensured that all the nurses were posted in the r ight position. At the same time, they saw to it that the head count of all the victims were in order. The logistic chief also played a part during the disaster. It was his mandate to ensure that all the required materials and machinery were in order. This step was taken to determine the availability of food, shelter and medicine for the victims. The financial chief on the ground made things easy for the victims and doctors in ensuring that he okayed the government ad the banks to avail money that was needed to be used. The public health director of the region was the overall overseer of the entire rescue mission. He authorized everything that took place during the rescue. In order to react well to a disaster, an effectual succession of command is necessary. It is there to facilitate knowledge and coordination of groups of people as well as individuals caught up in the emigration and relief efforts. In the simulation, the chain of commands offered

Pros and Cons of Introduction of Information Technology Essay

Pros and Cons of Introduction of Information Technology - Essay Example Since economy, education, society, psychology, religion, education and science and technology are reciprocally interconnected, the change in one directly influence the change in other. In the current paper, the evolution of information technology and the affect of introduction of Information technology on various spheres of human life have been studied. The impact of information technology on some of the common features such as productivity, health and democracy has been studied. The advantages and disadvantages of introduction of information technology in these areas have also been discussed. Evolution of Information Technology: The invention of mechanical computer by Charles Babbage, an English mathematician in 1822 opened the door for modern computing. During 1840’s the electrochemical age made a steep progress and thus the conversion of information to electric impulse harnessed the computing and later Herman Hollerith made an electromechanical computer in the year 1880. Howard Aiken, a research scholar at Harvard University made first modern computer in 1942 that was 8 feet tall and 51 feet long and it is known as first generation computer (Kumar, 2003). In the year 1948, first high speed general computer called as ENIAC (Numerical integrator and computer) was developed by the researchers at United States. It was having many vacuum tubes and it was having large size. Transistors were developed in the year 1943 and these were later introduced in the computers during 1960s.

Principles of the Photoacoustic Effect

Principles of the Photoacoustic Effect photothermal and photoacoustic Photothermam science encompasses a wide range of techniques and phenomena based upon the conversion of absorbed optical energy into heat. Optical energy is absorbed and eventually converted into thermal energy by an enormous number of material –solids, liquids, and gases. In fact, the optical energy is absorbed, the excited states in atoms or molecules lose their excition energy by a series of non- radiative transitions that result in a general heating in the material. The underlying principles of the photoacoustic effect have been studied for more then a century. it was named photocoustic because the photothermal heating effect was detected by an indirect acoustic method in 1880. Alexander Grshsm Bell (cited in Favier J.P.1997) had discovered the early concept of the photoacoustic effect when he tried to explain the operation of his photophone. He had done a lot of experiments on photoacoustic effect with solids, gases and liquids, where modulated light was used to illuminate the sample. through the experiments, Bell discovered that when a periodically interrupted beam of sunlight shines on a solid in an enclosed cell, an audible sound could be heard by means of hearing tube attached to the cell. the photoacoustic effect discovered by Bell was regarded as a part of the family of photothermal phenomena encompassing many effect produced by the heat generated in a sample due to the absorption of electromagnetic energy. In 1881,both Tyndah and Withem Roentgen (cited in Favier J.P. 1997) confirmed Bells experiment on gases. they found that an acoustic signal could also be produced when a gas in an enclosed cell is illuminated with modulation light. But due to the limitation of hearing tubes as detectors in the early experiment, progress in the field of photoacoustic died down. therefore, the photoacoustic technique had lay dormant for almost 50 years, until the advent of a microphone 50 years later the photoacoustic effect with gases was reexamined. then it had become a well-established technique for gas analysis. photons in the photoacoustic cell absorbed by the gas was converted into kinetic energy of the gas molecules, thus it gives rise to pressure fluctuations within the cell. All the discoveries in the photoacoustic effect originate from 1938 was entirely limited to gases only. the phoyoacoustic effect on solid matter did not occur until the early of 1970. it is almost 90 years after Bells discovery, since 1973, photoacoustic effect has strongly reemerged on the solid sample. ti has revived with the development of a very useful technique spectroscopic investigation of solid material. The photoacoustic effect in condensed matter may be detected by microphone absorption of modulated light by a solid sample produce a modulated heating of the sample surface. This heating cause pressure waves to be created in a gas in contact with the sample, producing an acoustic signal in the gas, which may be detected by a microphone. the sample, coupling gas, and the microphone are enclosed in a gas light photoacoustic cell. the cell acoustically isolates the microphone from external noise and contains a window enabling the modulated light to illuminate the sample (Almond and Patel 1996) Bells first experiment on a condensed matter sample, revealed the fact that the loudest signal were produced by sample with the darkest colours. a few other experiments were performed in the years following, however condensed matter photoacoustic died out until the 1970 Parker (1073) carried out the experiment about to measure the phootoacoustic effect in solid when he tried to carry out the experiment on the photoacoustic effect in gases. in his experiment, he worked on gas phase photoacoustic, attributed an anomalously large PA signal to absorption of light by the windows of his cell. Three years later, Rosencwing and Gersho (1976) derived the one-dimensional theory for a photoacoustic effect from asolid material, which has become known as the R-G theory and which has basis for the most other theories on microphone photoacoustic detection from a solid sample. in his hypothesis, the primary source of the photoacoustic signal result from a periodic heat flow from the solid to the surrounding gas. these can be explained when the beam of light falls onto sample, the heat produced by the light absorbed in the sample will diffuse from the sample to the gas through the sample –gas interface. by modulating the light beam, we are actually causes the expansions of the gas layer which near to the sample and this will finally create a sound wave. The R-G theory has been shown to be agood model by subsequent experiment work. Therefore, it led to direct expansions in photoacoustic research in 1970. The publication of the R-G theory, stimulated work in photoacoutic and number of papers have been written on the subject, describing various light sources, sample, cells, modulation technique and frequencies, detection methods and signal processing apparatus. This theory will be discussed in detail in the next chapter The photothermal and photoacoustic research was investigated since 1970 due to three major factors. i) Devlopment of intense light sources, such as laser and high pressure  arc lamps,such as xenon arc lamps. ii) Development of sensitive detection equipment, such as condenser and electret microphones and piezoelectric detectors iii) Development of more sensitive signal processing equipment such as filters and sensitive lock -in amplifiers. The improvement in the above three areas enabled the photoacoustic effect to be studied and hence higher sensitivity photoacoustic spectroscopy could be performed. Schemes of Photoacoustic Detection. All photothermal system employ a modulated source of electromagnetic radiation usually a light source, to generate modulated heating in a sample medium. the system rely on the absorption by the medium of electromagnetic energy and its subsequent conversion into thermal energy. this heating result in a number of physical changes in  and around the sample, figure 1.1 is schematic illustration of the phenomena resulting from the exposure of sample surface to a localized periodically modulated light source. in addition to a change in the temperature of the sample, it is also produced infrared, acoustic waves, surface expansion, thermoelastic waves, surface reflectivity modulation and refractive index gradient in the medium in contact with the heated surface. all of these effects could be used to probe the photothermal response of an enormous number of materials –solids, liquids, and gases. the thermal wave detection method were classified in to acoustic and thermal detection techniques. acoustic detection technique employ either a gas condenser microphone for the detection of pressure variation in air or a piezoelectric transducer for the detection of thermoelastic waves in solid media. thermal detection method includes the use of thermocoupe or pyroelectric transducers (photopyroelectric detection, PPE)to detect waves directly. (Murphy et al. 1992) Incident Refractive index gradient Infrared emission Surface Reflectivity modulation Acoustic waves Surface expansion thermal thermoelastic waves waves sample figure 1.1 photothremal effect caused by illumination of a surface by a modulated beam of light (Almond and Patel 1997) 1.3 Objective of the present study. CHAPTER 2 THEORY 2.1 Introduction. In this chapter, will discuss the theory of photoacoustic effect in the condensed matter.the formulation of Rosencwaing -Gersho (R-G)theory from the acoustic detection technique employ a gas condenser microphone for the detection of pressure variation in air are described. According to R-G model,when heat is created by means of non radiative transition with a boundary layer of the gas in the cell. Since the light is chopped, the photoacoustic signal is generated due to an acoustic pressure disturbance at the sample -gas interface transferred from the gas medium to the microphone. 2.2 Rosencwaing -Gersho Theory The Rosencwaing -Gersho theory, known as R-G theory, is an one -dimensional analysis of the production of a photoacoustic (PA) signal in a simple cylindrical cell resulting from the absorbed light energy. The model is schematically shown in figure 2.1 from the figure, the photoacoustic cell has a diameter D and length L . It is assumed that the length L is small compare to the wavelength of the acoustic waves and the microphone detecte the average pressure produced in the cell. In the present case, they also assumed that the light is not absorbed by the gas and backing material. The sample has thickness and diameter D. The sample is mounted so that its front surface is expose to the gas (air)within the cell and back surface is against a backing material of thickness . the length. . Of the gas volume is given by. = When a sinusoidally chopped monochromatic high passing through are window of the cell and incident upon the solid sample, the intensity I at the depth x is given by

Organisation culture Essay -- Business and Management Studies

Organisation culture Organisation culture can be defined as the collection of relatively uniform and enduring beliefs, values, customs, traditions and practices which are shared by an organisation’s members and which are transmitted from one generation of employees to the next. One view in the field of organisation culture is the culture metaphor. A metaphor is a word or phrase applied to an object or action which it does not literally denote.1 Metaphor can be powerful means of communicating ideas and are in common use in many organisations. It asserts that culture is a mental state that has to be tolerated since it is incapable of being changed by management. It adopted a phenomenological standpoint and conceptualised culture as a ‘process of enactment’ – not as something that exists ‘out there’ separate from people, but which was actually manufactured by company employees as they interacted with one another on a daily basis within the workplace.2 In highlighting the symbolic significance of virtually every aspect of organisation life, the culture metaphor thus focuses attention on a human side of organisation that other metaphors ignore or gloss over. The culture metaphor opens the way to a reinterpretation of many traditional managerial concepts and processes. It also helps to reinterpret the nature and significance of organisation environment relations. Culture of the organisation plays a key role in determining a structure that would suit. The organisation stance towards participation and risk-taking will have an impact on the decision pertaining to number of levels and delegation of authority. Congruence between culture and structure is important. Lack of congruence can result in mixed signals across the organisation. Organisational culture is based on differences in norms and shared practices which are learned in the workplace and are considered as valid within the boundaries of a particular organisation. Therefore the efficiency of an organization structure is determined by how well it fits into the culture in which it is set. The environments affect the structures chosen by organizational decision-makers through their society’s cultural expectations. Organisational structures are designed to insure survival through social legitimacy by reflecting the surrounding culture’s values and beliefs (Birnbaum-More a... ...se of authority here. For the most part individuals are encouraged to perform their tasks with few questions asked though important decisions are likely to be made as a result of political manoeuvring. The greatest strength of power cultures is their ability to react quickly but their success largely depends on the abilities of the person or people at the centre. In conclusion, organisational culture exercises a potent form of control over the interaction of organisational members with each other and outsiders. By supplying people with a toolbox of values, norms, and rules that tell them how to behave, organisation culture is instrumental in determining how they interpret and react to a situation. Thus, an organisation’s culture can be a source of competitive advantage. References 1. Andrew Brown.1995, ‘Organisational Culture’ Chap1, p13 2. David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski. 1997, ‘Organizational Behaviour’ Chap 18, p514 3. David Buchanan & Andrzej Huczynski. 1997, ‘Organizational Behaviour’ Chap 22, p681 Additional References l Gaeth Morgan. 1986 ‘Images of Organization’ 2 Laurie J Mullins. 2005 ‘Management and Organisational Behaviour’

Health Care Hall of Fame Museum Proposal Essay

Healthcare has existed for centuries. As a society we have gone from primitive treatments like casting spells to revolutionary disease breakthroughs. The United States has held steadfast in the evolution of healthcare delivery causing the delivery of healthcare to increase by magnitude proportions. The 1900’s was a time that changes in healthcare and the delivery of it began to emerge in the United States. Scientists started taking an increase interest in diseases. Cardiology developments have helped with the treatment of heart disease, monitoring and prevention. â€Å"Heart Disease is the number one leading cause of death in America.† (American Heart Association, www.heart.org). Heart disease goes as far back as Egyptian Pharaohs, British monarchs and American Presidents. Unhealthy behaviors causing an increase in the risk factors amongst Americans have greatly affected the health of our society as a whole. Americans lead with sedentary lifestyles and the â€Å"supers ize mentality†. Early interventions to reduce the risk factors that cause heart disease are essential. Mental illness has been frowned upon since ancient history. The United States was no different. Some people feel that mental illness is not a physical problem and is just a behavioral or spiritual problem that can be controlled. The mentally ill have been maltreated and put through deplorable, inhumane conditions. Introduction of antipsychotic medication in the 1950’s helped in the recovery and helped those who were mentally ill live in the community. Mental health became a priority and care in institutions and hospitals started to improve. â€Å"The Mental Health Act 1986 (the Act) provides a legislative framework for the care, treatment and protection of people with mental illness for psychiatrists to implement.† (Treatment plans under the Mental Health Act). The National Institute of Mental health has a mission to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses. Better healthcare choices can be made with the use of biotechnology. Biotechnology is not a new science. It goes as far back as 500 B.C. It is beneficial with the development of medication, research on drugs, stem cell research, gene testing and therapy. â€Å"Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes.† (What is Biotechnology? http://www.bio.org/articles/what-biotechnology). Biotechnology has made major strides in healthcare like the eradication of small pox or gene therapy to help people battle auto immune diseases. Public Health is concerned with disease prevention and wellness promotion for the community as a whole. Epidemics, pand emic and outbreaks make public health an essential part of healthcare. Public health dates back to Biblical times. An example of this is the isolation of a contagious disease like leprosy. Lillian Wald the mother of Public Health Nursing led the crusade of helping provide medical care to the poor in the United States. The increase awareness of health and the healthcare coverage that would be needed led the United States to develop HMOs. HMOs provide medical treatment for patients on a prepaid basis. HMO members pay a fixed monthly fee, more often than not through an employer regardless of how much medical care is needed in a given month. A wide variety of medical services are provided after the fee is paid, from office visits to hospitalization and surgery. There are benefits to having an HMO. â€Å"Preventive and well-care services, such as routine physicals and pediatric care, are provided at no additional cost. Co-payments apply to doctor’s office visits, prescriptions, hospital admissions, emergency room visits and some other services. You generally do not need to submit claim forms, except in cases when emergency care takes place outside of your coverage area.† Research on diseases, health maintenance, and wellness continues to progress. Public Health continues to be an advocate for health and safety in the community. The United States continues to evolve in healthcare delivery. References American Heart Association, Disease Information. (2000). Retrieved from http://my.americanheart.org/professional/Research/Disease-Information_UCM_459537_Article.jsp Future of Biotechnology in Healthcare, Chapter Nine. (2011, August). Retrieved from http://www.amgenscholars.com/images/uploads/contentImages/biotechnology-future.pdf Institute of Mental Health. About NIMH. (October 6, 2014). Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/index.shtml Public health history time line. (2014, September 6). Retrieved from http://www.sphtc.org/resources.html

The benefits of preschool Essay - 1323 Words

Everyone has his or her own first day of kindergarten experiences. Some might have been more memorable while others still trying to forget. Mine was merely an observance and evaluation period. After I gave my mother a kiss goodbye, and placed my belongings in the cubbyhole I was ready to learn, but unfortunately the majority of the other students were not. Considering one can not get too accomplished over many loud high-pitched cries, I was forced to be patient and suffer silently from boredom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Preschool is a beneficial tool for children because they learn social skills and gain an appreciation at an early age for the education system. The prefix â€Å"pre-â€Å" means before or prior to. Preschool education refers to†¦show more content†¦Not only did these findings lead to an increase in the number of schools but also now there are over eight million enrolled between the ages of three and five (Boyer 47). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I believe that group work better introduces the material and leaves a lasting impression for most people. Preschool provides a place where children can meet new friends and learn to get along with other children on an individual basis, and group (Kranyik 92). Taking turns to do things, exchanging ideas, and learning to cooperate with others are important qualities. They are able to be in a safe environment rich in learning and play experiences, supervised by an adult. A preschool gives children endless opportunities to practice speaking. Teachers involve them in storytelling, creative dramatics, and other experiences that will teach them new words and offer a chance to communicate with eachother. Preschools are spacious enough to allow a lot of movement and play indoors and out. The teacher encourages children to be more independent of adults by providing them with choices. They are able to choose what they will do and for how long. They are responsible for m aterials and their own behavior within the limits of the teacher. Children learn social, interaction, and manners inShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Benefits of Preschool1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Preschool Preschool isnt just a place for parents to drop off their children while they are at work for the day. It is in preschool where children learn the necessary skills needed to succeed in school and in life. With high-quality preschools and qualified teachers the possibilities are endless. Its not only the children who reap the benefits of Early Childhood Education; their parents, fellow peers, and even society feel the positive effects of quality preschool programsRead MoreBenefits Of Attending Preschool Before Kindergarten1150 Words   |  5 PagesTiana Benton Benefits of Attending Preschool before Kindergarten Preschool is the period of time before a child enters elementary school. The importance of preschool and whether or not it is necessary before starting kindergarten has been debated. From firsthand experience I have been able to see students who have attended preschool, and who have not. The differences between these two types of students are astonishing. Preschool can give a child a number of benefits, such as social skills with peersRead More How Can Assistive Technology Benefit Preschool Special Education Students?1387 Words   |  6 PagesHow Can Assistive Technology Benefit Preschool Special Education Students? 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